黄金珠宝和首饰发表评论(2)编辑词条
1、Gold Jewellery Introduction编辑本段回目录
From the first discoveries of gold along the rivers of Africa, Asia and South America, the sheer ease with which the metal could be worked inspired craftsmen to shape it for adornment. The history of gold jewellery goes back at least 5,000-6,000 years. Bracelets, chains and earrings of great sophistication and elegance were worn by both men and women of the Sumer civilisation around 3,000 BC.
Today, gold jewellery is the foremost end use for gold, with over 3,000 tonnes (96.6 million oz) required for fabrication each year.
India is the leading country for jewellery manufacture at around 650 tonnes (21 m oz) annually, followed by Italy at 480 tonnes (15.4 m oz) and the United States and China, both approximately 160 tonnes (5.2 m oz). 
gold artifact
India is also the leading consumer of gold jewellery at around 615 tonnes (19.8 m oz), followed by the United States at just over 380 tonnes (12.2 m oz), China at around 180 tonnes (5.9m oz) and Saudi Arabia at just over 150 tonnes (4.9 m oz).
2、Major Jewellery Associations编辑本段回目录
Australia
Jewellers Association of Australia Ltd
Austria
Bundesgremium des Juwelen-, Uhren-, Kunst-, Antiquitäten- und Briefmarkenhandels
Belgium
Conseil Supérieur du Bijou et de la Montre
European Gold Manufacturers Association (EMAGOLD)
Brazil
Instituto Brasileiro de Gemas e Metais Preciosos (IBGM)
China
China National Pearl, Diamond, Gem & Jewellery Import & Export Corporation
Panyu Jewellery Manufacturers Association
Denmark
Guldsmedefagets Faellesrad (National Board of The Goldsmiths Trade in Denmark)
Dubai
Gold & Jewellery Group, Dubai
Finland
Suomen Kultaseppien Liitto
France
Conseil Interfédéral de la Bijouterie, Joaillerie, Orfèvrerie
Chambre Syndicale Nationale BJO (CSNBJO)
Germany
Bundesverband Schmuck, Uhren, Silberwarenindustrie
Greece
POVAKO
Hong Kong
Hong Kong Jewelry Manufacturers Association
Hong Kong Jewellery & Jade Manufacturers' Association
India
Gem & Jewellery Export Promotion Council
Ireland
Assay Office Dublin
Israel
Israel Jewellery Manufacturing Association (IJMA)
Italy
Confedorafi
Japan
Japan Jewellery Association Corporation (JJA)
Lithuania
Lietuvas Prabavimo Rumai
Netherlands
Federatie Goud & Zilver
Norway
Norges Gullsmedforbund
Portugal
Associacao Do Industrais De Ouriversaria e Relojoaria do Norte
South Africa
South African Jewellery Manufacturers' Association (SAJMA)
Jewellers Association of South Africa (JASA)
Jewellery Council of South Africa
Cape Jewellery and Precious Metal Industry Training Board
Vukani-Ubuntu Community Development Jewellery Project
Spain
Asociacion Española de Joyeros, Plateros y Relojeros
Asociacion Catalan de Joyeros
Asociación Española de Exportadores de Joyería, Platería y Relojería (JOYEX)
Switzerland
Union Suisse pour l'habillage de la montre (USH)
Fédération de I'Industrie Horlogère Suisse FH/ Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry
Thailand
Thai Gem & Jewelry Traders Association
Turkey
Istanbul Chamber of Goldsmiths
United Kingdom
British Jewellers' Association (BJA)
National Association of Goldsmiths (NAG)
Jewellery Industry Consortium
United States
Manufacturing Jewelers & Suppliers of America (MJSA)
Jewelers of America
Zimbabwe
Jewellery Council of Zimbabwe (JCZ)
3、Value Added Tax编辑本段回目录
In the European Union, Value Added Tax (VAT) is applicable on nearly all goods and services. The rates in the different countries range from 15% in Luxembourg to 25% in Denmark and Sweden.
. VAT %
Austria
20
Belgium
21
Denmark
25
Finland
22
France
19.6
Germany
16
Greece
18
Ireland
21
Italy
20
Luxembourg
15
Netherlands
19
Portugal
17
Spain
16
Sweden
25
UK
17.5
Other countries that raise VAT* include:
. VAT %
Argentina
21
Australia
10
Canada
8
Chile
18
China
17
Colombia
16
Costa Rica
13
Hungary
25
Indonesia
40
Israel
17
Mexico
15
Poland
22
Russia
20
Singapore
3
South Africa
14
Sri Lanka
20
Switzerland
7.6
Taiwan
5
Thailand
7
*VAT has been taken as a generic term for an internal tax on sales. The name actually applied will vary. In Canada for example, the above rate is a provincial sales tax whilst in Australia, it is a goods and services tax. Other taxes may be levied additionally on internal sales such as luxury taxes or excise taxes.
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